Além disso, adotou-se uma abordagem correlacional para examinar possíveis relações entre o perfil dos ouvintes (proficiência na segunda língua (L2), familiaridade com L1 dos locutores, tempo de residência no país dos locutores). O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar como a inteligibilidade das codas modificadas em posição de final de palavra é afetada pelo tipo de modificação de coda, grau de informação semântica e pela língua materna (L1) dos ouvintes. L2 speech intelligibility codas pronunciation Moreover, accent familiarity is also expected to benefit speakers by bringing awareness about the pronunciation patterns that hinder intelligibility more often and that could be modified to improve communication. Contact with different accents should benefit listeners, who are more likely to understand pronunciation patterns that are frequent in the language spoken by a particular group of L2 users. Overall, this study highlights the importance of bringing to the classroom different varieties of the target language, as a way to boost L2 users’ familiarity with different accents. Furthermore, listeners whose L1 is not typologically similar to Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and who reported being highly familiar with the English spoken by Brazilians tend to perform better on the Intelligibility Test. The results indicate that certain types of coda modification hinder intelligibility, and that semantic information improves intelligibility in some cases. This test and a background questionnaire were completed by 38 listeners from different nationalities. For this purpose, an Intelligibility Test was designed containing utterances with word-final codas that were produced with phonetic characteristics typically found in the English spoken by Brazilians (e.g., palatalization and vowel insertion). Furthermore, a correlational approach is adopted to examine possible relations between intelligibility and the listeners’ second language (L2) proficiency level, familiarity with speakers’ L1, and length of residence in the speakers’ country. Our results suggest that codA can be successfully used as a negative selectable marker in Agrobacterium-mediated gene targeting protocols of tobacco whereby selection at the shoot regeneration level is the most effective.The present study aims to investigate how the intelligibility of non-target word-final codas is affected by the type of coda modification, the degree of semantic information, and the listeners’ first language (L1). In all these experiments, 250 µg ml −1 5-FC was found to be the most optimal for selection. Mixing of codA-containing and codA-lacking tobacco protoplasts revealed that the codA gene may behave as a cell autonomous marker under certain, appropriately chosen conditions, which seems to be in paradox with the total absence of escapes in tissue explant transformation. Nevertheless, transformation of the same T-DNA to tobacco protoplasts resulted in some enrichment of codA − nptll + calluses using the proper combination of 5-FC and kanamycin for selection. Transformation of a codA and nptll-harbouring T-DNA to tobacco leaf discs did not result in any regenerant using a combined 5-FC and kanamycin selection, indicating that codA does not behave as a cell-autonomous marker here. In all these assays, control plants were unaffected by up to 1 mg m1 −1 5-FC. However, 40% of the shoots regenerated on non-selective medium still formed roots on rooting medium with 5-FC. Leaves failed completely to regenerate sprouts on 5-FC-containing medium. On media supplemented with 5-FC, seedling proliferation was inhibited. To this end, several independent tobacco lines transgenic for codA were isolated and these were tested for their sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) at different developmental stages. coli codA gene encoding cytosine deaminase as a conditional toxic gene was explored during various stages of plant development and in different Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocols.
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